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Symbol For Or In C
The C++ expression parser supports all forms of C++ expression syntax. The syntax includes all data types (including pointers, floating-point numbers, and arrays) and all C++ unary and binary operators.
Numbers in C++ Expressions
Char is defined by C to always be 1 byte in size. By default, a char may be signed or unsigned (though it’s usually signed). If you’re using chars to hold ASCII characters, you don’t need to specify a sign (since both signed and unsigned chars can hold values between 0 and 127). Moreover, in C (and later versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the three-way comparison operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a single bit (1 or 0) and as such do not properly belong in 'bitwise' operations. You cannot call C member functions.) A few restrictions apply to the use of C and C symbols: Each assembly-language statement can contain only one C or C symbol. Multiple symbols can appear in the same assembly instruction only with LENGTH, TYPE, and SIZE expressions. I have to output a pi symbol in dev c. I am searching for it since many days please help me. Share improve this question. Asked Apr 10 '18 at 11:14. 11 3 3 bronze badges. Possible duplicate of Output unicode symbol π and ≈ in c win32 console application –.
Numbers in C++ expressions are interpreted as decimal numbers, unless you specify them in another manner. To specify a hexadecimal integer, add 0x before the number. To specify an octal integer, add 0 (zero) before the number.
The default debugger radix does not affect how you enter C++ expressions. You cannot directly enter a binary number (except by nesting a MASM expression within the C++ expression).
You can enter a hexadecimal 64-bit value in the xxxxxxxx`xxxxxxxx format. (You can also omit the grave accent ( ` ).) Both formats produce the same value.
You can use the L, U, and I64 suffixes with integer values. The actual size of the number that is created depends on the suffix and the number that you enter. For more information about this interpretation, see a C++ language reference.
The output of the C++ expression evaluator keeps the data type that the C++ expression rules specify. However, if you use this expression as an argument for a command, a cast is always made. For example, you do not have to cast integer values to pointers when they are used as addresses in command arguments. If the expression's value cannot be validly cast to an integer or a pointer, a syntax error occurs.
You can use the 0n (decimal) prefix for some output, but you cannot use it for C++ expression input.
Characters and Strings in C++ Expressions
You can enter a character by surrounding it with single quotation marks ( ' ). The standard C++ escape characters are permitted.
You can enter string literals by surrounding them with double quotation marks ( ' ). You can use ' as an escape sequence within such a string. However, strings have no meaning to the expression evaluator.
Symbols in C++ Expressions
In a C++ expression, each symbol is interpreted according to its type. Depending on what the symbol refers to, it might be interpreted as an integer, a data structure, a function pointer, or any other data type. If you use a symbol that does not correspond to a C++ data type (such as an unmodified module name) within a C++ expression, a syntax error occurs.
If the symbol might be ambiguous, you can add a module name and an exclamation point ( ! ) or only an exclamation point before the symbol. For more information about symbol recognition, see Symbol Syntax and Symbol Matching.
You can use a grave accent ( ` ) or an apostrophe ( ' ) in a symbol name only if you add a module name and exclamation point before the symbol name.
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When you add the < and > delimiters after a template name, you can add spaces between these delimiters.
Operators in C++ Expressions
You can always use parentheses to override precedence rules.
If you enclose part of a C++ expression in parentheses and add two at signs (@@) before the expression, the expression is interpreted according to MASM expression rules. You cannot add a space between the two at signs and the opening parenthesis. The final value of this expression is passed to the C++ expression evaluator as a ULONG64 value. You can also specify the expression evaluator by using @@c++( .. ) or @@masm( .. ).
Data types are indicated as usual in the C++ language. The symbols that indicate arrays ( [ ] ), pointer members ( -> ), UDT members ( . ), and members of classes ( :: ) are all recognized. All arithmetic operators are supported, including assignment and side-effect operators. However, you cannot use the new, delete, and throw operators, and you cannot actually call a function.
Pointer arithmetic is supported and offsets are scaled correctly. Note that you cannot add an offset to a function pointer. (If you have to add an offset to a function pointer, cast the offset to a character pointer first.)
As in C++, if you use operators with invalid data types, a syntax error occurs. The debugger's C++ expression parser uses slightly more relaxed rules than most C++ compilers, but all major rules are enforced. For example, you cannot shift a non-integer value.
You can use the following operators. The operators in each cell take precedence over those in lower cells. Operators in the same cell are of the same precedence and are parsed from left to right. As with C++, expression evaluation ends when its value is known. This ending enables you to effectively use expressions such as ?? myPtr && *myPtr.
Operator | Meaning |
---|---|
Expression//Comment | Ignore all subsequent text |
Class::Member Class::~Member ::Name | Member of class Member of class (destructor) Global |
Structure.Field Pointer->Field Name[integer] LValue++ LValue-- dynamic_cast <type>(Value) static_cast <type>(Value) reinterpret_cast <type>(Value) const_cast <type>(Value) | Field in a structure Where to download tonecarver vst. Field in referenced structure Array subscript Increment (after evaluation) Decrement (after evaluation) Typecast (always performed) Typecast (always performed) Typecast (always performed) Typecast (always performed) |
(type)Value sizeofvalue sizeof(type) ++LValue --LValue ~Value !Value Value +Value &LValue Value | Typecast (always performed) Size of expression Size of data type Increment (before evaluation) Decrement (before evaluation) Bit complement Not (Boolean) Unary minus Unary plus Address of data type Dereference |
Structure. Pointer Pointer-> *Pointer | Pointer to member of structure Pointer to member of referenced structure |
ValueValue Value/Value Value%Value | Multiplication Division Modulus |
Value+Value Value-Value | Addition Subtraction |
Value<<Value Value>>Value | Bitwise shift left Bitwise shift right |
Value<Value Value<=Value Value>Value Value>=Value | Less than (comparison) Less than or equal (comparison) Greater than (comparison) Greater than or equal (comparison) |
ValueValue Value!=Value | Equal (comparison) Not equal (comparison) |
Value&Value | Bitwise AND |
Value^Value | Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) |
Value|Value | Bitwise OR |
Value&&Value | Logical AND |
Value||Value | Logical OR |
LValue=Value LValue*=Value LValue/=Value LValue%=Value LValue+=Value LValue-=Value LValue<<=Value LValue>>=Value LValue&=Value LValue|=Value LValue^=Value | Assign Multiply and assign Divide and assign Modulo and assign Add and assign Subtract and assign Shift left and assign Shift right and assign AND and assign OR and assign XOR and assign |
Value?Value:Value | Conditional evaluation |
Value,Value | Evaluate all values, and then discard all except the rightmost value |
Registers and Pseudo-Registers in C++ Expressions
You can use registers and pseudo-registers within C++ expressions. You must add an at sign ( @ ) before the register or pseudo-register.
The expression evaluator automatically performs the proper cast. Actual registers and integer-value pseudo-registers are cast to ULONG64. All addresses are cast to PUCHAR, $thread is cast to ETHREAD*, $proc is cast to EPROCESS*, $teb is cast to TEB*, and $peb is cast to PEB*.
You cannot change a register or pseudo-register by an assignment or side-effect operator. You must use the r (Registers) command to change these values.
For more information about registers and pseudo-registers, see Register Syntax and Pseudo-Register Syntax.
Macros in C++ Expressions
You can use macros within C++ expressions. You must add a number sign (#) before the macros.
You can use the following macros. These macros have the same definitions as the Microsoft Windows macros with the same name. (The Windows macros are defined in Winnt.h.)
Macro | Return Value |
---|---|
#CONTAINING_RECORD(Address, Type, Field) | Returns the base address of an instance of a structure, given the type of the structure and the address of a field within the structure. |
#FIELD_OFFSET(Type, Field) | Returns the byte offset of a named field in a known structure type. |
#RTL_CONTAINS_FIELD (Struct, Size, Field) | Indicates whether the given byte size includes the desired field. |
#RTL_FIELD_SIZE(Type, Field) | Returns the size of a field in a structure of known type, without requiring the type of the field. |
#RTL_NUMBER_OF(Array) | Returns the number of elements in a statically sized array. |
#RTL_SIZEOF_THROUGH_FIELD(Type, Field) | Returns the size of a structure of known type, up through and including a specified field. |
Operators are simply symbols that perform a certain function - some of these perform mathematical functions. In this tutorial, we're going to build on your knowledge of user input, outputting data, and variables, to learn about some of the basic mathematical operators.
C++, like most programming languages, works on the concept of 'expressions' - combinations of symbols which represent values. If a simple mathematical statement is written, for example
5+5
, the calculation will be evaluated by the C++ compiler, and the result put in the place of the expression - in this case, 10. The +
operator which is used to add two number values, be these constants (or literals) like '5', or variables of supported types (e.g. int
, double
, or float
), can be shown to behave in this way with a simple cout
. Take the following in which '14' is outputted instead of the actual text '8+6':The use of operators is often dependent on the to the string. Take for example the following:
Note that in the above that the 'expression' type functionality is extremely important. The expression,
one + ' Bob!'
is being evaluated to 'Hello Bob!'
and then outputted, however the variable 'one' is not being changed. If we wanted to actually change the value of the variable 'one' we would have to set it using something like the equals operator:There is also another mathematical operator related to
+
which can do the 'one = one +' functionality for us - this is the +=
operator. So instead of typing something like the above, we could instead use something a little bit cleaner like:The four basic mathematical operators, as you may expect, are those of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. These are represented by the
+
, -
, *
and /
operators as appropriate. Each of these also has a +=
equivalent for setting variables to themselves, add, subtracted, multiplied by, or divided by, some other value - these are +=
, -=
, *=
, and /=
as appropriate. There is also another mathematical operator which we're going to cover in this tutorial, which is called the modulus operator. This does division of whole numbers and gives the remainder of that division - for example 5 % 3
will be '2' as 3 goes into 5 once, with 2 remaining. This task may seem quite niche at first, however can become quite useful in a number of tasks.All of these operators can be used with either variables or literals of the correct type (in this case, you'll want to use those of a 'number' type), and perhaps the easiest way to show the functionality of these operators is to simply give an example of some expressions using them,
cout
ing the results:So looking at the above, do they all output as expected? The majority do, however the
7 / 2
calculation outputs 'incorrectly' as '3'. This is because our application knows it's dealing with whole number division (as we've specified integer literals), and so it rounds the result to a whole number. To solve this problem if this functionality is not what we want, as is the case here, we can simply change the literals to those of the double
type by changing the calculation to 7.0 / 2.0
. This change means that the calculation outputs as we would expect.So now that we know how to use basic mathematical operators in C++, let's put this to some use! Before we create a 'big' application demonstrating a number of the operators we've covered - I just want to give a moment for the modulus operator, who I feel may be under-appreciated at this point. A great use for it is checking if a whole number is even or not -- if the number divides by 2 with no remainders, i.e.
number % 2 is equal to 0
the number must be even, otherwise it must be odd. We don't know how to check conditions like this quite yet, but come back to this after going through the next tutorial if you have some extra time, and try to create a basic program which takes input into an integer variable and then outputs if the number entered is even or not.So back to creating an application with some practical use! I thought it might be a nice idea to create a program which uses the famous Pythagorean Theorem to calculate the longest side of a right-angled triangle given the other two sides. If you are unfamiliar with the equation, it states that the square of the longest side of a right-angled triangle is equal to the added squares of the other two sides. So if the longest side is 'c' and the other two are 'a' and 'b', the equation would be:
a2 + b2 = c2
So let's first get our application set up! Let's just think about includes for a second - we're definitely going to need
iostream
for outputting data and getting data from the user, but we're also going to need to somehow get the square root of a variable or expression to calculate the length of the longest side of the triangle. This functionality, along with some other advanced mathematical stuff, is stored inside the cmath
header file, and so we should include this in our code too.Note that with
cmath
included, we can square root things using the sqrt
function. You can do what is called 'calling' a function by specifying the function name, followed by whatever you need to give the function to do it's job in brackets. If you don't need to give the function any values, you can just give empty brackets - ()
. In our case, we want to call the sqrt
function with the value of the square of 'a' plus the square of 'b', and this expression will evaluate into the value we're looking for - the length of the longest side. Before this however, let's just use our knowledge of cin
and cout
to prompt the user for the first two sides (which, since they may be decimals, should probably be of type double
):As talked about previously, we can now simply make use of the
sqrt
function to square root the added squares of these values. Squaring something is just multiplying it by itself, and thus we want the sqrt
of a*a + b*b
- hence sqrt(a*a + b*b);
. Once again the 'expression' type functionality comes in handy as the simpler mathematics is first evaluated to give the result, and then this is passed to the sqrt
function and square rooted to give us the result. Some people may prefer using another variable to deal with the result and get rid of some of the nested calculations in brackets - but I don't think such clutter is necessary here. The full code for our application can be seen below: